Pregnancy is supposed to be one of the happiest times of a woman's life, but for many women this is a time of confusion, fear, sadness, stress, and even depression.
About 10-20% of women will struggle with some symptoms of depression during pregnancy, and a quarter to half of these will suffer from major depression.
Depression is a mood disorder that affects 1 in 4 women at some point during their lifetime, so it should be no surprise that this illness would also touch women who are pregnant. But all too often, depression is not diagnosed properly during pregnancy because people think it is just another type of hormonal imbalance. This assumption can be dangerous for the mother and the unborn baby.
Depression is an illness that can be treated and managed during pregnancy, but the first step, seeking out help and support, is the most important.
What is depression during pregnancy?
Depression during pregnancy, or antepartum depression, is a mood disorder just like clinical depression. Mood disorders are biological illnesses that involve changes in brain chemistry. During pregnancy, hormone changes can affect brain chemicals, which are directly related to depression and anxiety. These can be exacerbated by difficult life situations, which can result in depression during pregnancy.
What are the signs of depression during pregnancy?
Women with depression usually experience some of the following symptoms for 2 weeks or more:
• Persistent sadness
• Difficulty concentrating
• Sleeping too little or too much
• Loss of interest in activities that you usually enjoy
• Recurring thoughts of death, suicide, or hopelessness
• Anxiety
• Feelings of guilt or worthlessness
• Change in eating habits
What are possible triggers of depression during pregnancy?
• Relationship problems
• Family or personal history of depression
• Infertility treatments
• Previous pregnancy loss
• Stressful life events
• Complications in pregnancy
• History of abuse or trauma
Can depression during pregnancy cause harm to my baby?
Depression that is not treated can have potential dangerous risks to the mother and baby. Untreated depression can lead to poor nutrition, drinking, smoking, and suicidal behavior, which can then cause premature birth, low birth weight, and developmental problems. A woman who is depressed often does not have the strength or desire to adequately care for herself or her developing baby.
What is the treatment for depression during pregnancy?
If you feel you may be struggling with depression, the most important thing is to seek help. Talk with your health care provider about your symptoms and struggles. Your health care provider wants the healthiest choice for you and your baby and may discuss options with you for treatment. Treatment options for women who are pregnant can include:
• Support groups
• Private psychotherapy
• Medication
• Light therapy
If your symptoms are severe, your health care provider may want to prescribe medication immediately. There are medications that have been used during pregnancy without adverse affects. Discuss with your health care provider what he/she feels is safest for your baby but still beneficial to you.
If you do not feel comfortable talking with your health care provider about your feelings of depression, find someone else to talk with. The most important thing is that someone knows what you are dealing with and can try to help you. Never try to face depression alone. Your baby needs you to seek help and get treatment.
source :
http://www.americanpregnancy.org/pregnancyhealth/depressionduringpregnancy.html
Tuesday 15 December 2009
Monday 14 December 2009
Vaginismus
Case scenario:
a young lady - recently married (a few months) - love marriage - unable to have intimate relationship with husband - develop severe panic attacks and vaginismus everytime they were together - tried various medications and treatment but without much success
Source:
http://www.minddisorders.com/Py-Z/Vaginismus.html
Definition
Vaginismus occurs when the muscles around the outer third of the vagina contract involuntarily when vaginal penetration is attempted during sexual intercourse.
Description
Vaginismus is a sexual disorder that is characterized by the outer third of the vaginal muscles tightening, often painfully. A woman with vaginismus does not willfully or intentionally contract her vaginal muscles. However, when the vagina is going to be penetrated, the muscles tighten spontaneously due to psychological or other reasons.
Vaginismus can occur under different circumstances. It can begin the first time vaginal penetration is attempted. This is known as "lifelong vaginismus." Alternately, vaginismus can begin after a period of normal sexual functioning. This is known as "acquired-type vaginismus." For some women, vaginal tightening occurs in all situations where vaginal penetration is attempted (generalized type). For other women, it occurs in only one or a few situations, such as during a gynecological examination at the doctor's office, or with a specific sex partner (situational type). According to the professional's handbook, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) , in order for a condition to be diagnosed as vaginismus, the response must be due to psychological factors or a combination of psychological and medical factors, but not to medical factors alone. Because of this DSM-IV-TR criterion, this entry focuses on the psychological causes and treatments of vaginismus.
Causes and symptoms
Causes
There are many possible causes of vaginismus. One example is an upbringing in which sex was considered wrong or sinful—as in the case of some strict religious backgrounds. This is common among women with this disorder. Concern that penetration is going to be painful, such as during a first sexual experience, is another possible cause. It is also thought that women who feel threatened or powerless in their relationship may subconsciously use this tightening of the vaginal muscles as a defense or silent objection to the relationship. A traumatic childhood experience, such as sexual molestation, is thought to be a possible cause of vaginismus. Acquired-type vaginismus is often the result of sexual assault or rape.
Symptoms
Vaginismus can occur when any kind of penetration of the vagina is attempted. This includes attempted penetration by a penis, speculum, tampon, or other objects. The outer third of the vaginal muscles contract severely. This either prevents penetration completely, or makes it difficult and painful. The woman may truly believe that she wants to have sexual intercourse or allow the penetration. She may find that her subconscious desires or decisions do not allow her to relax the vaginal muscles.
Diagnosis
Diagnosing sexual disorders, including vaginismus, can often be very difficult. This is mainly due to lack of comfort many people feel in discussing sexual relations, even with their physicians. Often, cultural norms and taboos deter women from seeking assistance when they are experiencing such problems. When a physician or gynecologist is consulted, involuntary spasm during pelvic examination can confirm the diagnosis of vaginismus, and the physician will rule out any physiological causes for the condition. When psychological causes are suspected, referral should be made to a psychologist or psychiatrist .
According to the DSM-IV-TR , the first criterion for the diagnosis of vaginismus is the spasm of the muscles in the outer third of the vagina that are involuntary and recurring or persistent. The symptoms must cause physical or emotional distress, or, in particular, problems with relationships. The symptoms cannot occur during the course of another mental disorder that can account for them— they must exist on their own. As mentioned, the muscle spasm cannot be the direct result of any sort of physical or medical condition for vaginismus to be diagnosed.
Demographics
Although many women experience sexual disorders, it is hard to gather accurate data regarding the frequency of specific problems. Many cases go unreported. Vaginismus is thought to occur most often in women who are highly educated and of high socioeconomic status.
Treatment
There are many different treatments of vaginismus, as there is a multitude of ways to treat most sexual disorders. Therapists can use behavioral, hypnotic, psychological, educational, or group therapy techniques. Multiple techniques are often used simultaneously for the same patient. Much treatment is aimed at reducing the anxiety associated with penetration.
Psychotherapy
There are three settings in which psychological treatment can occur. These are in individual, couple, or group settings. During individual therapy, the treatment focuses on identifying and resolving any underlying psychological problems that could be causing the disorder. Problems stemming from issues such as childhood trauma or rape are often resolved this way. Revealing insecurities or fears about sex resulting from such things as parents' attitudes about it, or a religious upbringing, can often be discussed successfully if the affected woman can trust her therapist.
Couples therapy has been referred to as "dual-sex therapy." The idea behind couples therapy is that any sexual problem should be treated as a problem for the couple as a whole, and not just addressed as a problem for one person. Because this view is taken, the therapist interacts with the patients both separately and as a couple. The therapist addresses both the couple's sexual history and any other problems that may be occurring in the relationship. Confronting these problems may help to resolve the cause of the vaginismus. Working with a therapist on relationship problems can be very effective— perhaps especially so if the vaginismus is caused by a subconscious use of vaginal muscle spasms as a nonverbal form of protest about one or more aspects of the relationship. The couple is educated about vaginismus disorder and given advice on the kind of activities that can be engaged in at home that may be helpful in overcoming the disorder.
Group therapy, which can be very effective, is another form of therapy for vaginismus. In this form of therapy, couples or individuals who have the same or similar sexual disorders are brought together. For people who are embarrassed or ashamed of their disorder, this setting can provide comfort and strength. It is often very beneficial to witness another person discussing sex and sexual problems in an open and honest forum. It can also help to inspire patients to become more open and honest themselves.
Another positive feature of group therapy is that it provides a certain amount of pressure. Pressure to open up can help to provide a needed "push." Also the group's expectations for each other can provide positive pressure and encouragement for the group members. For example, the therapist may recommend "homework" outside the therapy sessions, including masturbation or certain kinds of foreplay. The group members will expect each other to complete the homework, and that expectation may help individual couples overcome their aversions to completing the activities.
Hypnotherapy
Hypnotherapy is also effective for some patients. In general, hypnotherapy tends to focus on overcoming the vaginismus itself, as opposed to resolving any causes or conflicts behind it. The therapist will determine if hypnotherapy is appropriate for a particular patient. There are often a number of sessions, during which the patient and therapist work to define the goals of the hypnotherapy. When the actual hypnosis occurs, the suggestions made are intended to resolve underlying fears or concerns, and to alleviate symptoms. For example, the patient may be told that she can have coitus without it being a painful experience, and that she will be able to overcome the muscle spasm.
During hypnosis, the problems causing the vaginismus may be explored, or an attempt may even be made to reverse feelings or fears that could be causing the disorder. Exploring causal relationships, as well as suggesting to the woman she can overcome her vaginal muscle spasms, can be very effective for certain patients.
Other treatments
Behavioral therapy is also used to treat vaginismus. When behavioral therapy is chosen, it is assumed that the vaginismus is a learned behavior that can be unlearned. Behavioral therapy generally involves desensitization. Patients are exposed to situations that they find create a mild sense of psychological discomfort or anxiety. Once these situations are conquered, the patient is exposed to sexual situations that they find more threatening, until coitus is eventually achieved without difficulty.
Another type of treatment for vaginismus involves desensitization over a period of time using systematic vaginal dilation. In the beginning of the treatment, the woman inserts a small object into her vagina. Over time, she inserts larger and larger vaginal dilators. Eventually, a dilator the size of a penis can be inserted comfortably and sexual intercourse can be achieved. There is some debate about this procedure, as it treats the symptoms and not the underlying causes of the vaginismus disorder.
Prognosis
Vaginismus is generally considered to be the most treatable sexual disorder. Successful treatment has been reported to be 63% or higher. For different people, the possibility of success using different treatments varies, because different cases of vaginismus disorder have varying causes. Generally, a treatment plan combining two or more therapeutic techniques is recommended.
Prevention
There is no known way to successfully prevent vaginismus; however, maintaining open marital communication may help to prevent the disorder, or to encourage seeking help if it does arise.
See also Cognitive-behavioral therapy ; Systematic desensitization
Resources
BOOKS
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed., text revised. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2000.
Sadock, Benjamin J. and Virginia A. Sadock, eds. Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2000.
PERIODICALS
Kleinplatz, Peggy J. "Sex Therapy for Vaginismus: a Review, Critique, and Humanistic Alternative." The Journal of Humanistic Psychology 38 no. 2 (Spring 1998): 51- 82.
Sadovsky, Richard. "Management of Dyspareunia and Vaginismus." American Family Physician 61 no. 8 (April 15, 2000): 2511.
ORGANIZATIONS
American Psychological Association. 750 First Street NE, Washington, D.C. 20002-4242, 800-374-2721;
a young lady - recently married (a few months) - love marriage - unable to have intimate relationship with husband - develop severe panic attacks and vaginismus everytime they were together - tried various medications and treatment but without much success
Source:
http://www.minddisorders.com/Py-Z/Vaginismus.html
Definition
Vaginismus occurs when the muscles around the outer third of the vagina contract involuntarily when vaginal penetration is attempted during sexual intercourse.
Description
Vaginismus is a sexual disorder that is characterized by the outer third of the vaginal muscles tightening, often painfully. A woman with vaginismus does not willfully or intentionally contract her vaginal muscles. However, when the vagina is going to be penetrated, the muscles tighten spontaneously due to psychological or other reasons.
Vaginismus can occur under different circumstances. It can begin the first time vaginal penetration is attempted. This is known as "lifelong vaginismus." Alternately, vaginismus can begin after a period of normal sexual functioning. This is known as "acquired-type vaginismus." For some women, vaginal tightening occurs in all situations where vaginal penetration is attempted (generalized type). For other women, it occurs in only one or a few situations, such as during a gynecological examination at the doctor's office, or with a specific sex partner (situational type). According to the professional's handbook, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) , in order for a condition to be diagnosed as vaginismus, the response must be due to psychological factors or a combination of psychological and medical factors, but not to medical factors alone. Because of this DSM-IV-TR criterion, this entry focuses on the psychological causes and treatments of vaginismus.
Causes and symptoms
Causes
There are many possible causes of vaginismus. One example is an upbringing in which sex was considered wrong or sinful—as in the case of some strict religious backgrounds. This is common among women with this disorder. Concern that penetration is going to be painful, such as during a first sexual experience, is another possible cause. It is also thought that women who feel threatened or powerless in their relationship may subconsciously use this tightening of the vaginal muscles as a defense or silent objection to the relationship. A traumatic childhood experience, such as sexual molestation, is thought to be a possible cause of vaginismus. Acquired-type vaginismus is often the result of sexual assault or rape.
Symptoms
Vaginismus can occur when any kind of penetration of the vagina is attempted. This includes attempted penetration by a penis, speculum, tampon, or other objects. The outer third of the vaginal muscles contract severely. This either prevents penetration completely, or makes it difficult and painful. The woman may truly believe that she wants to have sexual intercourse or allow the penetration. She may find that her subconscious desires or decisions do not allow her to relax the vaginal muscles.
Diagnosis
Diagnosing sexual disorders, including vaginismus, can often be very difficult. This is mainly due to lack of comfort many people feel in discussing sexual relations, even with their physicians. Often, cultural norms and taboos deter women from seeking assistance when they are experiencing such problems. When a physician or gynecologist is consulted, involuntary spasm during pelvic examination can confirm the diagnosis of vaginismus, and the physician will rule out any physiological causes for the condition. When psychological causes are suspected, referral should be made to a psychologist or psychiatrist .
According to the DSM-IV-TR , the first criterion for the diagnosis of vaginismus is the spasm of the muscles in the outer third of the vagina that are involuntary and recurring or persistent. The symptoms must cause physical or emotional distress, or, in particular, problems with relationships. The symptoms cannot occur during the course of another mental disorder that can account for them— they must exist on their own. As mentioned, the muscle spasm cannot be the direct result of any sort of physical or medical condition for vaginismus to be diagnosed.
Demographics
Although many women experience sexual disorders, it is hard to gather accurate data regarding the frequency of specific problems. Many cases go unreported. Vaginismus is thought to occur most often in women who are highly educated and of high socioeconomic status.
Treatment
There are many different treatments of vaginismus, as there is a multitude of ways to treat most sexual disorders. Therapists can use behavioral, hypnotic, psychological, educational, or group therapy techniques. Multiple techniques are often used simultaneously for the same patient. Much treatment is aimed at reducing the anxiety associated with penetration.
Psychotherapy
There are three settings in which psychological treatment can occur. These are in individual, couple, or group settings. During individual therapy, the treatment focuses on identifying and resolving any underlying psychological problems that could be causing the disorder. Problems stemming from issues such as childhood trauma or rape are often resolved this way. Revealing insecurities or fears about sex resulting from such things as parents' attitudes about it, or a religious upbringing, can often be discussed successfully if the affected woman can trust her therapist.
Couples therapy has been referred to as "dual-sex therapy." The idea behind couples therapy is that any sexual problem should be treated as a problem for the couple as a whole, and not just addressed as a problem for one person. Because this view is taken, the therapist interacts with the patients both separately and as a couple. The therapist addresses both the couple's sexual history and any other problems that may be occurring in the relationship. Confronting these problems may help to resolve the cause of the vaginismus. Working with a therapist on relationship problems can be very effective— perhaps especially so if the vaginismus is caused by a subconscious use of vaginal muscle spasms as a nonverbal form of protest about one or more aspects of the relationship. The couple is educated about vaginismus disorder and given advice on the kind of activities that can be engaged in at home that may be helpful in overcoming the disorder.
Group therapy, which can be very effective, is another form of therapy for vaginismus. In this form of therapy, couples or individuals who have the same or similar sexual disorders are brought together. For people who are embarrassed or ashamed of their disorder, this setting can provide comfort and strength. It is often very beneficial to witness another person discussing sex and sexual problems in an open and honest forum. It can also help to inspire patients to become more open and honest themselves.
Another positive feature of group therapy is that it provides a certain amount of pressure. Pressure to open up can help to provide a needed "push." Also the group's expectations for each other can provide positive pressure and encouragement for the group members. For example, the therapist may recommend "homework" outside the therapy sessions, including masturbation or certain kinds of foreplay. The group members will expect each other to complete the homework, and that expectation may help individual couples overcome their aversions to completing the activities.
Hypnotherapy
Hypnotherapy is also effective for some patients. In general, hypnotherapy tends to focus on overcoming the vaginismus itself, as opposed to resolving any causes or conflicts behind it. The therapist will determine if hypnotherapy is appropriate for a particular patient. There are often a number of sessions, during which the patient and therapist work to define the goals of the hypnotherapy. When the actual hypnosis occurs, the suggestions made are intended to resolve underlying fears or concerns, and to alleviate symptoms. For example, the patient may be told that she can have coitus without it being a painful experience, and that she will be able to overcome the muscle spasm.
During hypnosis, the problems causing the vaginismus may be explored, or an attempt may even be made to reverse feelings or fears that could be causing the disorder. Exploring causal relationships, as well as suggesting to the woman she can overcome her vaginal muscle spasms, can be very effective for certain patients.
Other treatments
Behavioral therapy is also used to treat vaginismus. When behavioral therapy is chosen, it is assumed that the vaginismus is a learned behavior that can be unlearned. Behavioral therapy generally involves desensitization. Patients are exposed to situations that they find create a mild sense of psychological discomfort or anxiety. Once these situations are conquered, the patient is exposed to sexual situations that they find more threatening, until coitus is eventually achieved without difficulty.
Another type of treatment for vaginismus involves desensitization over a period of time using systematic vaginal dilation. In the beginning of the treatment, the woman inserts a small object into her vagina. Over time, she inserts larger and larger vaginal dilators. Eventually, a dilator the size of a penis can be inserted comfortably and sexual intercourse can be achieved. There is some debate about this procedure, as it treats the symptoms and not the underlying causes of the vaginismus disorder.
Prognosis
Vaginismus is generally considered to be the most treatable sexual disorder. Successful treatment has been reported to be 63% or higher. For different people, the possibility of success using different treatments varies, because different cases of vaginismus disorder have varying causes. Generally, a treatment plan combining two or more therapeutic techniques is recommended.
Prevention
There is no known way to successfully prevent vaginismus; however, maintaining open marital communication may help to prevent the disorder, or to encourage seeking help if it does arise.
See also Cognitive-behavioral therapy ; Systematic desensitization
Resources
BOOKS
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed., text revised. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2000.
Sadock, Benjamin J. and Virginia A. Sadock, eds. Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2000.
PERIODICALS
Kleinplatz, Peggy J. "Sex Therapy for Vaginismus: a Review, Critique, and Humanistic Alternative." The Journal of Humanistic Psychology 38 no. 2 (Spring 1998): 51- 82.
Sadovsky, Richard. "Management of Dyspareunia and Vaginismus." American Family Physician 61 no. 8 (April 15, 2000): 2511.
ORGANIZATIONS
American Psychological Association. 750 First Street NE, Washington, D.C. 20002-4242, 800-374-2721;
Friday 11 December 2009
What Is 'Paranoia' ?
par·a·noi·a (pr-noi)
n.
1. A psychotic disorder characterized by delusions of persecution with or without grandeur, often strenuously defended with apparent logic and reason.
2. Extreme, irrational distrust of others.
[Greek, madness, from paranoos, demented : para-, beyond; see para-1 + nous, noos, mind.]
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright ©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
paranoia [ˌpærəˈnɔɪə]
n
1. (Psychiatry) a form of schizophrenia characterized by a slowly progressive deterioration of the personality, involving delusions and often hallucinations
2. (Psychiatry) a mental disorder characterized by any of several types of delusions, in which the personality otherwise remains relatively intact
3. (Psychology) Informal intense fear or suspicion, esp when unfounded
[via New Latin from Greek: frenzy, from paranoos distraught, from para-1 + noos mind]
paranoiac [ˌpærəˈnɔɪɪk], paranoic [ˌpærəˈnəʊɪk] adj & n
Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged 6th Edition 2003. © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003
paranoia
Psychiatry. a slowly progressive personality disorder marked by delusions, especially of persecution and grandeur. — paranoid, paranoiac, adj.
See also: Grandeur
a mental disorder characterized by behavior that stems from an elaborately constructed system of delusions of persecution and grandeur. — paranoiac, n. — paranoid, adj.
See also: Insanity
-Ologies & -Isms. Copyright 2008 The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.
ThesaurusLegend: Synonyms Related Words Antonyms
Noun 1. paranoia - a psychological disorder characterized by delusions of persecution or grandeur
psychosis - any severe mental disorder in which contact with reality is lost or highly distorted
paranoia definition - medical
par·a·noi·a (părˌə-noiˈə)
noun
A psychotic disorder characterized by systematized delusions, especially of persecution or grandeur, in the absence of other personality disorders.
Extreme, irrational distrust of others.
The American Heritage® Medical Dictionary Copyright © 2009 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
n.
1. A psychotic disorder characterized by delusions of persecution with or without grandeur, often strenuously defended with apparent logic and reason.
2. Extreme, irrational distrust of others.
[Greek, madness, from paranoos, demented : para-, beyond; see para-1 + nous, noos, mind.]
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright ©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
paranoia [ˌpærəˈnɔɪə]
n
1. (Psychiatry) a form of schizophrenia characterized by a slowly progressive deterioration of the personality, involving delusions and often hallucinations
2. (Psychiatry) a mental disorder characterized by any of several types of delusions, in which the personality otherwise remains relatively intact
3. (Psychology) Informal intense fear or suspicion, esp when unfounded
[via New Latin from Greek: frenzy, from paranoos distraught, from para-1 + noos mind]
paranoiac [ˌpærəˈnɔɪɪk], paranoic [ˌpærəˈnəʊɪk] adj & n
Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged 6th Edition 2003. © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003
paranoia
Psychiatry. a slowly progressive personality disorder marked by delusions, especially of persecution and grandeur. — paranoid, paranoiac, adj.
See also: Grandeur
a mental disorder characterized by behavior that stems from an elaborately constructed system of delusions of persecution and grandeur. — paranoiac, n. — paranoid, adj.
See also: Insanity
-Ologies & -Isms. Copyright 2008 The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.
ThesaurusLegend: Synonyms Related Words Antonyms
Noun 1. paranoia - a psychological disorder characterized by delusions of persecution or grandeur
psychosis - any severe mental disorder in which contact with reality is lost or highly distorted
paranoia definition - medical
par·a·noi·a (părˌə-noiˈə)
noun
A psychotic disorder characterized by systematized delusions, especially of persecution or grandeur, in the absence of other personality disorders.
Extreme, irrational distrust of others.
The American Heritage® Medical Dictionary Copyright © 2009 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
Tuesday 1 December 2009
What is Personality ?
Persona literally means "mask ", although it does not usually refer to a literal mask but to the "social masks" all humans supposedly wear.
The English term personality is derived from the Greek word persona, which refers to the masks worn by the actors in ancient Greek dramas.
In psychology, the persona is the personality that we project to the world (i.e., the self we want other people to see). As a public self, the persona is a means of facilitating social interaction and should not be viewed negatively as a "false" self.
One of the most influential formulations of the notion of persona was put forward by the Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung. In Jung's personality theory, the persona is one among several selves: the ego represents what we might call the self-image (the self we imagine ourselves to be); the shadow (which is a kind of alter-ego) embodies the traits that have been rejected as "not-self"; the anima or animus is the subconscious counter-self composed of the characteristics our particular culture identifies as belonging to the opposite sex; and the self is an archetype from the collective unconscious that provides the subconscious pattern for the ego (for the sense of selfhood).
Each of these aspects of the self can appear in dreams in various forms. In the case of the persona, dream images include everything from clothing that we put on or take off in dreams to the roles we assume. In Jungian therapy, the persona is viewed as a means whereby new characteristics can be integrated into the patient's ego structure. In other words, the subject can draw on previously rejected personality traits from the shadow and the anima or animus by acting them out in certain social situations and later identifying with them as part of a new ego concept.
Components of Personality
While there are many different theories of personality, the first step is to understand exactly what is meant by the term personality. A brief definition would be that personality is made up of the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make a person unique. In addition to this, personality arises from within the individual and remains fairly consistent throughout life.
Some of the fundamental characteristics of personality include:
- Consistency - There is generally a recognizable order and regularity to behaviors. Essentially, people act in the same ways or similar ways in a variety of situations.
- Psychological and physiological - Personality is a psychological construct, but research suggests that it is also influenced by biological processes and needs.
- Impact behaviors and actions - Personality does not just influence how we move and respond in our environment; it also causes us to act in certain ways.
- Multiple expressions - Personality is displayed in more than just behavior. It can also be seen in out thoughts, feelings, close relationships, and other social interactions.
Theories of Personality
There are a number of different theories about how personality develops. Different schools of thought in psychology influence many of these theories. Some of these major perspectives on personality include:
- Type theories are the early perspectives on personality. These theories suggested that there are a limited number of "personality types" which are related to biological influences.
- Trait theories viewed personality as the result of internal characteristics that are genetically based.
- Psychodynamic theories of personality are heavily influenced by the work of Sigmund Freud, and emphasize the influence of the unconscious on personality. Psychodynamic theories include Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual stage theory and Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development.
- Behavioral theories suggest that personality is a result of interaction between the individual and the environment. Behavioral theorists study observable and measurable behaviors, rejecting theories that take internal thoughts and feelings into account. Behavioral theorists include B. F. Skinner and John Watson.
- Humanist theories emphasize the importance of free will and individual experience in the development of personality. Humanist theorists include Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.
source:
http://psychology.about.com/od/overviewofpersonality/a/persondef.htm
http://www.answers.com/topic/persona#In_psychology
Monday 23 November 2009
Ketamine Addiction
Basics
Ketamine, or K, is a fast-acting 'dissociative anesthetic'. Rather than blocking pain like traditional painkillers, it shuts off the brain from the body. With the brain no longer processing information from nerve pathways, awareness expands resulting in a hallucinogenic state.
Since 1970, it has been popular in medicine in the UK and US and all over the world as a safe anesthetic for children and the elderly.(1) It is also used by vets on animals for short operations, hence it being dubbed a "horse tranquilizer". Find out more about Ketamine's use in medicine here.
Appearance
Ketamine comes in three main forms. The most common form is white powder which is snorted. It looks like cocaine but is smoother and less likely to form hard rocks or a flowery texture if damp.
Most users start out by taking Ketamine in powdered form as it allows them to introduce themselves to the drug with small amounts.
Tablet
Ketamine also appears intermittently in tablet or capsule form, often masquerading as a brand of Ecstasy with the same meaningless 'dove' or 'mitsubishi' logos.
Ketamine pills are usually very diluted and cut with a stimulant like ephedrine (a natural amphetamine-like chemical) to produce a mildly trippy speedy effect.
Ketamine sold as Ecstasy may be the origin of the "smacky pills" legend.
Liquid
Ketamine Hydrochloride, intended for use as a hospital anesthetic, is sold in liquid form in small 10ml bottles, often with the brand names Ketaset, Ketavet and Ketalar.
Some recreational Ketamine users inject this liquid. We strongly advise against injecting Ketamine intravenously. You could pass out immediately.
Avoid drinking it as well. Liquid Ketamine is very hard on the stomach. Profuse vomiting is possible. If you pass out, you may choke on your vomit.
Do not mix with alcohol.
CK1
Ck1 is a combination of cocaine or crack cocaine (smokeable cocaine mixed with sodium bicarbonate) and ketamine. The cocaine roots the user in the real world and counters the tendency for higher doses of K to send you into a conscious, paralyzed state.
from : http://www.thegooddrugsguide.com/ketamine/basics.htm
Monday 16 November 2009
Teen Fear Unmasked
Source :
http://nst.com.my/Current_News/NST/articles/20091112102624/Article/index_html
Norshazzwin Shamsuz Zaman,
WE asked psychologist Datuk Dr Mat Saad Baki from Pantai Medical Centre what teen angst really meant.
“The word angst means a feeling of fear and anxiety,” he said. “It happens at any age and is usually related to life’s tasks, i.e. that of teenagers’ such as school, friendship, family, and love.”
Teen angst, according to him, can come from any where.
“School-related teen angst include getting bad results, being bullied, or having too much homework.
“If it is friendship, it could be related to group or individual friendships.
“Group friendship includes things like dating. It depends on your appearance, whether you are attractive enough for the boys or if girls are attracted to you.
“Or maybe you and your girlfriend or boyfriend have problems, and this might cause you distress.
“Also, say, if you have a good friend with whom you text a lot. Texting then becomes an addiction and this can also be a problem.
“In family relationships, angst comes from being away from your family, ie: staying at boarding schools and hostels.
“You then become closer to your friends than with your family. Sibling rivalry can also trigger angst.”
Love relationships are also another cause, says Dr Mat Saad.
“Many teenagers are also addicted to the internet, texting, and eating.
“They are also fearful of not being accepted, of being a nerd, or being unpopular. The list goes on.”
Although diseases do not usually result in angst, says Dr Mat Saad, teens do experience a lot of emotional pain such as depression, especially the girls.”
“A girl may get so depressed that she ends up hurting herself physically.
“Health problems like asthma also cause emotional pain and it can be triggered by rejection, unrequited love, or family problems.”
Dr Mat Saad: Talking to friends, a school counselor, an adult mentor, or parent can help alleviate fears.
How does one cope?
A lot of teenagers think they can solve their problems by eating, which is wrong.
According to Dr Mat Saad, teens can cultivate hobbies such as reading books or taking part in activities that provide an outlet for expression.
But be careful of surfing the internet, he adds, saying that there are a lot of “predators” waiting to prey on us teens.
I asked Dr Mat Saad how fear and anxiety affect a teenager’s emotions and feelings.
“Firstly, fear affects emotion and behaviour.
“The first type would fall into the yes-fear-no-emotional-problem category. The person is usually matured and can manage him/herself emotionally.
“Next would be the no-fear-no-emotional-problem type. This is okay, but it can lead to something else. For instance, if they don’t feel fear, they won’t feel guilty, and they can rob a bank without thinking it is wrong.
“The no-fear-yes-emotional-problem is what people call neurosis. There’s nothing to be feared but the teen is still afraid.
“Lastly, the yes-fear-yes-emotional-problem. It means the teen hasn’t managed it and needs to find a solution.”
What I learnt from my talk with Dr Mat Saad was that if you are experiencing some form of angst, find out the cause and look for the solution, and then work at it.
Find someone who is experienced, whom you trust, and ask for advice.
Don’t use drugs, overeat, or hurt yourself. These NEVER are the right solutions.
If you imagine yourself in love, remember that teenage love doesn’t last.
And if you have nothing to fear, just don’t be afraid! Finally, just calm down and take it easy
Monday 9 November 2009
Voidable Marriage - For Those With Mental Illness ....
Source
http://www.lawyerment.com/library/kb/Families/Marriage/1030.htm
What is a void marriage? What is a voidable marriage? What are the differences?
Void Marriage
A void marriage is a marriage that is void and invalid from its very beginning. Such marriage is unlawful and requires no formality to terminate. A marriage shall be void if:
Voidable Marriage
A voidable marriage is a legal marriage that can be cancelled at the option of one of the parties and it is subject to cancellation if contested in court. You can petition to the court for a decree of nullity to declare your marriage void on the following grounds:
The court will not grant a decree of nullity if your spouse satisfied the court that:
A decree of nullity granted on the ground that the marriage is voidable operates to annul the marriage only after the date of the decree and the marriage shall, notwithstanding the decree, be treated as if it had existed up to that time.
Similar to a divorce decree, a nullity decree becomes absolute only after a period, usually three (3) months.
Only it becomes absolute, you are free to marry.
The children born of a voidable marriage which has been annulled will be and will remain legitimate.
http://www.lawyerment.com/library/kb/Families/Marriage/1030.htm
What is a void marriage? What is a voidable marriage? What are the differences?
Void Marriage
A void marriage is a marriage that is void and invalid from its very beginning. Such marriage is unlawful and requires no formality to terminate. A marriage shall be void if:
- at the time of marriage either party was already lawfully married and the former spouse was still living at the time of the marriage and such former marriage was then in force;
- a male person marries under eighteen (18) years of age or a female who is between sixteen (16) and eighteen (18) years of age marries without a special marriage licence;
- the parties are within the prohibited close family relationships; or
- the parties are not respectively male and female.
The children of a void marriage will only be considered legitimate if at the time of the solemnisation, the parties to the marriage reasonably believed that the marriage was valid and this only applies if:
- the father of the child was domiciled in Malaysia at the time of marriage; and
- in so far as it affects inheritance of any property only to children born after March 1, 1982.
Voidable Marriage
A voidable marriage is a legal marriage that can be cancelled at the option of one of the parties and it is subject to cancellation if contested in court. You can petition to the court for a decree of nullity to declare your marriage void on the following grounds:
- the marriage has not been consummated due to the incapacity of either of you to consummate it;
- the marriage has not been consummated owing to the wilful refusal of your spouse to consummate it;
- either of you did not validly consent to it, whether in consequence of duress, mistake, unsoundness of mind or otherwise;
- at the time of marriage, either of you, though capable of giving a valid consent, was a mentally disordered person within the meaning of the Mental Disorders Ordinance 1952 of such a kind or to such an extent as to be unfit for marriage;
- at the time of the marriage, your spouse was suffering from veneral disease in a communicable form;
- at the time of the marriage, your wife was pregnant by some person other than you.
The court will not grant a decree of nullity if your spouse satisfied the court that:
- you, with knowledge that is was open to you to have the marriage avoided, gave your spouse the impression that lead him or her reasonably to believe that you will not seek a decree; and
- it would be unjust to your spouse to grant the decree.
A decree of nullity granted on the ground that the marriage is voidable operates to annul the marriage only after the date of the decree and the marriage shall, notwithstanding the decree, be treated as if it had existed up to that time.
Similar to a divorce decree, a nullity decree becomes absolute only after a period, usually three (3) months.
Only it becomes absolute, you are free to marry.
The children born of a voidable marriage which has been annulled will be and will remain legitimate.
Thursday 5 November 2009
Common Misconceptions about Mental Illness
Myth: "Young people and children don't suffer from mental health problems."
Fact: 13% of children in Malaysia aged between 5 - 15 years old suffer from a mental health disorder that severely disrupts their ability to function at home, in school, or in their community. (Source: National Health and Morbidity Study, 1997)
Myth: "People who need psychiatric care should be locked away in institutions."
Fact: Today, most people can lead productive lives within their communities thanks to a variety of supports, programs, and/or medications.
Myth: "A person who has had a mental illness can never be normal."
Fact: People with mental illnesses can, and do, recover to resume normal activities. For example, Kay Redfield Jamieson, who has bipolar disorder, has received treatment and is today Professor of Psychiatry at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. She has written extensively on mood disorders and manic depressive illnesses.
Myth: "Mentally ill persons are dangerous."
Fact: The vast majority of people with mental illness are not violent. In cases when violence does occur, the incident typically results from the same reasons as with the general public, such as feeling threatened or excessive use of alcohol and/or drugs.
Myth: "People with mental illnesses can work low-level jobs but aren't suited for really important or responsible positions."
Fact: People with mental illnesses, like everyone else, have the potential to work at any level depending on their own abilities, experience and motivation.
How You Can Combat Stigma
Fact: 13% of children in Malaysia aged between 5 - 15 years old suffer from a mental health disorder that severely disrupts their ability to function at home, in school, or in their community. (Source: National Health and Morbidity Study, 1997)
Myth: "People who need psychiatric care should be locked away in institutions."
Fact: Today, most people can lead productive lives within their communities thanks to a variety of supports, programs, and/or medications.
Myth: "A person who has had a mental illness can never be normal."
Fact: People with mental illnesses can, and do, recover to resume normal activities. For example, Kay Redfield Jamieson, who has bipolar disorder, has received treatment and is today Professor of Psychiatry at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. She has written extensively on mood disorders and manic depressive illnesses.
Myth: "Mentally ill persons are dangerous."
Fact: The vast majority of people with mental illness are not violent. In cases when violence does occur, the incident typically results from the same reasons as with the general public, such as feeling threatened or excessive use of alcohol and/or drugs.
Myth: "People with mental illnesses can work low-level jobs but aren't suited for really important or responsible positions."
Fact: People with mental illnesses, like everyone else, have the potential to work at any level depending on their own abilities, experience and motivation.
How You Can Combat Stigma
- Share your experience with mental illness. Your story can convey to others that having a mental illness is nothing to be embarrassed about.
- Help people with mental illness re-enter society. Support their efforts to obtain housing and jobs.
Respond to false statements about mental illness or people with mental illness. Many people have wrong and damaging ideas on the subject. Accurate facts and information may help change both their ideas and actions.
Article from : http://www.psychiatry-malaysia.org/index.php
Wednesday 4 November 2009
In Developed Countries, 8 of the 10 Leading Causes of Disability Are Mental Illnesses
The massive Global Burden Of Disease study conducted by the World Health Organization, the World Bank, and Harvard University measured the leading causes of disability (counting lost years of healthy life).
In developed countries, the ten leading causes of lost years of healthy life at ages 15-44 were:
(1) Major Depressive Disorder,
(2) Alcohol Use,
(3) Road Traffic Accidents,
(4) Schizophrenia,
(5) Self-Inflicted Injuries,
(6) Bipolar Disorder,
(7) Drug Use,
(8) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders,
(9) Osteoarthritis,
(10) Violence.
"The Global Burden Of Disease" by C.J.L. Murray and A.D. Lopez, World Health Organization, 1996, Table 5.4 page 270
(can be downloaded here..: http://files.dcp2.org/pdf/GBD/GBD.pdf
In developed countries, the ten leading causes of lost years of healthy life at ages 15-44 were:
(1) Major Depressive Disorder,
(2) Alcohol Use,
(3) Road Traffic Accidents,
(4) Schizophrenia,
(5) Self-Inflicted Injuries,
(6) Bipolar Disorder,
(7) Drug Use,
(8) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders,
(9) Osteoarthritis,
(10) Violence.
"The Global Burden Of Disease" by C.J.L. Murray and A.D. Lopez, World Health Organization, 1996, Table 5.4 page 270
(can be downloaded here..: http://files.dcp2.org/pdf/GBD/GBD.pdf
"A Theory of Human Motivation" by Abraham Maslow
BackgroundAbraham Maslow (1908 - 1970) was a well-known American psychologist. He made his most important academic contributions in the 1940s and 1950s. He is considered one of the founders of 'humanist psychology'. "The Theory of Human Motivation", originally published in 1943 in "Psychological Review", Vol. 50, NO. 4, pp. 370-396 is one of his best known articles.
The theory consists of two parts. The first part is a short preface, first published in 1943 in "Psychosomatic Medicine", Vol 5, pp. 85-92. The preface describes the most important presumptsions to the motivation theory, while being Maslow's definition of 'humanist psychology'. The main thesis of the theory itself is that all human needs can be categorized into a hierarchy where 'higher' needs emerge only once the 'lower' needs have been (partially) satisfied.
The preface
The presumptions to the theory of motivation, that are listed in the preface, form the author's definition of humanist psychology. The key propositions are the following:
A human being should be viewed as a an integrated unit.
The needs of a human being are felt more unconsciously than conciously, thus cultural and social context do not play a significant role in the theory of needs.
Man is a perpetually wanting animal.
Behaviour is motivated by a complex set of conscious and unconscious needs, as well as the socio-cultural context. Thus, studying one single need is usually too little to explain behaviour.
The theory
As described, the main thesis of the theory of human motivation is that all human needs can be arranged into a hierarchy of pre-potency, where the appearance of a certain need is connected to the satisfaction of the other, more pre-potent needs.
The author proposes a five-level hierarchy. Starting from the most pre-potent needs, the hierarchy is the following:
Physiological needs, such as - breathing, drinking, eating, staying warm (homeostasis).
Safety needs – the personal mental and pshysical safety.
Love/belonging needs – finding a partner, establishing relationships, building a community.
Esteem needs – finding a status/reputation in the community.
Self-actualization needs – unleashing the creative power inside.
The first four levels of needs, as the author describes, can be called 'deficit needs'. He explains that these needs are felt by every human being, but once any of these needs is satisfied, it is no longer motivating.
The fifth level of needs, however, is called 'the being need'. It differs from the lower levels, because it is never fully satisfied. The author explains that although people are mostly occupied with satisfying their urgent 'lower' needs, it is the self-actualization need that drives us to the real innovation and satisfaction. A famous quote from the article states: "what a man can be, he must be!"
Limitations
Abraham Maslow's article offers the motivation theory in a form of a philosophical argumentation. The author himself does not back the theory with any real-life experiments. He underlines the fact that the hierarchy of needs is never fully exposed in human behaviour, as behaviour is always affected by a large number of factors. He underlines that although cultural differences make a difference on how people satisfy their needs, the needs are felt in the sub-conscious level and thus they not much affected by social or cultural circums
Depression Link to Processed Food
Original article from :
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/8334353.stm
Eating a diet high in processed food increases the risk of depression, research suggests.
What is more, people who ate plenty of vegetables, fruit and fish actually had a lower risk of depression, the University College London team found.
Data on diet among 3,500 middle-aged civil servants was compared with depression five years later, the British Journal of Psychiatry reported.
The team said the study was the first to look at the UK diet and depression.
The UK population is consuming less nutritious, fresh produce and more saturated fats and sugars
Dr Andrew McCulloch, Mental Health Foundation
They split the participants into two types of diet - those who ate a diet largely based on whole foods, which includes lots of fruit, vegetables and fish, and those who ate a mainly processed food diet, such as sweetened desserts, fried food, processed meat, refined grains and high-fat dairy products.
After accounting for factors such as gender, age, education, physical activity, smoking habits and chronic diseases, they found a significant difference in future depression risk with the different diets.
Those who ate the most whole foods had a 26% lower risk of future depression than those who at the least whole foods.
By contrast people with a diet high in processed food had a 58% higher risk of depression than those who ate very few processed foods.
Mediterranean diet
Although the researchers cannot totally rule out the possibility that people with depression may eat a less healthy diet they believe it is unlikely to be the reason for the findings because there was no association with diet and previous diagnosis of depression.
Study author Dr Archana Singh-Manoux pointed out there is a chance the finding could be explained by a lifestyle factor they had not accounted for.
"There was a paper showing a Mediterranean diet was associated with a lower risk of depression but the problem with that is if you live in Britain the likelihood of you eating a Mediterranean diet is not very high.
"So we wanted to look at bit differently at the link between diet and mental health."
It is not yet clear why some foods may protect against or increase the risk of depression but scientists think there may be a link with inflammation as with conditions such as heart disease.
Dr Andrew McCulloch, chief executive of the Mental Health Foundation, said: "This study adds to an existing body of solid research that shows the strong links between what we eat and our mental health.
"Major studies like this are crucial because they hold the key to us better understanding mental illness." He added people's diets were becoming increasingly unhealthy. "The UK population is consuming less nutritious, fresh produce and more saturated fats and sugars.
"We are particularly concerned about those who cannot access fresh produce easily or live in areas where there are a high number of fast food restaurants and takeaways."
Margaret Edwards, head of strategy at the mental health charity SANE, said: "Physical and mental health are closely related, so we should not be too surprised by these results, but we hope there will be further research which may help us to understand more fully the relationship between diet and mental health."
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/8334353.stm
Eating a diet high in processed food increases the risk of depression, research suggests.
What is more, people who ate plenty of vegetables, fruit and fish actually had a lower risk of depression, the University College London team found.
Data on diet among 3,500 middle-aged civil servants was compared with depression five years later, the British Journal of Psychiatry reported.
The team said the study was the first to look at the UK diet and depression.
The UK population is consuming less nutritious, fresh produce and more saturated fats and sugars
Dr Andrew McCulloch, Mental Health Foundation
They split the participants into two types of diet - those who ate a diet largely based on whole foods, which includes lots of fruit, vegetables and fish, and those who ate a mainly processed food diet, such as sweetened desserts, fried food, processed meat, refined grains and high-fat dairy products.
After accounting for factors such as gender, age, education, physical activity, smoking habits and chronic diseases, they found a significant difference in future depression risk with the different diets.
Those who ate the most whole foods had a 26% lower risk of future depression than those who at the least whole foods.
By contrast people with a diet high in processed food had a 58% higher risk of depression than those who ate very few processed foods.
Mediterranean diet
Although the researchers cannot totally rule out the possibility that people with depression may eat a less healthy diet they believe it is unlikely to be the reason for the findings because there was no association with diet and previous diagnosis of depression.
Study author Dr Archana Singh-Manoux pointed out there is a chance the finding could be explained by a lifestyle factor they had not accounted for.
"There was a paper showing a Mediterranean diet was associated with a lower risk of depression but the problem with that is if you live in Britain the likelihood of you eating a Mediterranean diet is not very high.
"So we wanted to look at bit differently at the link between diet and mental health."
It is not yet clear why some foods may protect against or increase the risk of depression but scientists think there may be a link with inflammation as with conditions such as heart disease.
Dr Andrew McCulloch, chief executive of the Mental Health Foundation, said: "This study adds to an existing body of solid research that shows the strong links between what we eat and our mental health.
"Major studies like this are crucial because they hold the key to us better understanding mental illness." He added people's diets were becoming increasingly unhealthy. "The UK population is consuming less nutritious, fresh produce and more saturated fats and sugars.
"We are particularly concerned about those who cannot access fresh produce easily or live in areas where there are a high number of fast food restaurants and takeaways."
Margaret Edwards, head of strategy at the mental health charity SANE, said: "Physical and mental health are closely related, so we should not be too surprised by these results, but we hope there will be further research which may help us to understand more fully the relationship between diet and mental health."
Theories of Motivation – Freud , Rogers , Maslow & Murray
There are differing views about what drives humans to think and behave the way they do. While the theories differ, the basis for each of them is similar, and therefore, all could be seen as derivatives of Freud’s theory of human motivation.
Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) insisted that sexuality and aggression were the driving forces behind all human motivation. He theorized three areas of the mind, namely the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. Freud argued that the material in the unconscious mind would bring feelings of fear, emotional pain or guilt. “We cannot bear to know certain things about ourselves. Therefore, we do not (consciously) know them. Yet what resides in the unconscious profoundly affects our behavior and experience, even though we do not know we are being affected”. Freud believed that our behaviors stemmed from deep-seated sexual and aggressive motivation in our identity, and were outwardly projected in a manner which was controlled by the ego and superego. These are the regulatory systems which manipulate the motivators so that we behave in a manner which is in line with our beliefs, and in ways which are acceptable to society.
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow had similar theories about human motivation. Rogers believed that strivings were consistent with the need to obtain, thrive and advance. Rogers believed that humans have a natural internal need to advance, and that all of the needs and influences, both internal and external, dictate the course of actions and thought processes we go through toward achieving our goals. This entirety is what Rogers refers to as “the phenomenal field”.
In his theory, similar to Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow concurred that strivings for self-enhancement were indeed, the combinations of ingredients humans drew upon in their quest for self-improvement.
Maslow developed a system which demonstrates the needs in order of importance. The five tiered hierarchy puts physiological needs as the primary need, followed by safety, and above them, belongingness and love, self-esteem, and self-actualization. Maslow insisted that in order to achieve the highest level of needs, the lower level needs must first be met.
Maslow’s theory is a common sense approach, and was adequately summed up by saying that “a starving man will not act in accord with his needs for belongingness until he has secured food (physiological needs) and a safe position in life (security needs)”.
Henry Murray’s diversity theory was that we behave in ways which reflect a combination of past experiences and future goals. Murray’s theory of needs and wants were described as themas. Physiological and psychological needs interact with press, the opportunity or need for expression, to produce the thema.
Similar to Maslow’s hierarchy, Murray’s list of needs rang from viscerogenic, or physiological needs such as food and warmth, to psychogenic needs like affiliation and autonomy. Because the common denominator of all theories is that we do what we do in order to achieve and thrive, all theories of human motivation are feasible.
The theories are relevant to each other in many ways. Carl Roger’s theory perhaps are above others because it clearly suggests that in order to advance, we must first be content within ourselves.
ReferenceMcAdams, D. (2006).
The person: A new introduction to personality psychology. (4th ed.).Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) insisted that sexuality and aggression were the driving forces behind all human motivation. He theorized three areas of the mind, namely the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. Freud argued that the material in the unconscious mind would bring feelings of fear, emotional pain or guilt. “We cannot bear to know certain things about ourselves. Therefore, we do not (consciously) know them. Yet what resides in the unconscious profoundly affects our behavior and experience, even though we do not know we are being affected”. Freud believed that our behaviors stemmed from deep-seated sexual and aggressive motivation in our identity, and were outwardly projected in a manner which was controlled by the ego and superego. These are the regulatory systems which manipulate the motivators so that we behave in a manner which is in line with our beliefs, and in ways which are acceptable to society.
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow had similar theories about human motivation. Rogers believed that strivings were consistent with the need to obtain, thrive and advance. Rogers believed that humans have a natural internal need to advance, and that all of the needs and influences, both internal and external, dictate the course of actions and thought processes we go through toward achieving our goals. This entirety is what Rogers refers to as “the phenomenal field”.
In his theory, similar to Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow concurred that strivings for self-enhancement were indeed, the combinations of ingredients humans drew upon in their quest for self-improvement.
Maslow developed a system which demonstrates the needs in order of importance. The five tiered hierarchy puts physiological needs as the primary need, followed by safety, and above them, belongingness and love, self-esteem, and self-actualization. Maslow insisted that in order to achieve the highest level of needs, the lower level needs must first be met.
Maslow’s theory is a common sense approach, and was adequately summed up by saying that “a starving man will not act in accord with his needs for belongingness until he has secured food (physiological needs) and a safe position in life (security needs)”.
Henry Murray’s diversity theory was that we behave in ways which reflect a combination of past experiences and future goals. Murray’s theory of needs and wants were described as themas. Physiological and psychological needs interact with press, the opportunity or need for expression, to produce the thema.
Similar to Maslow’s hierarchy, Murray’s list of needs rang from viscerogenic, or physiological needs such as food and warmth, to psychogenic needs like affiliation and autonomy. Because the common denominator of all theories is that we do what we do in order to achieve and thrive, all theories of human motivation are feasible.
The theories are relevant to each other in many ways. Carl Roger’s theory perhaps are above others because it clearly suggests that in order to advance, we must first be content within ourselves.
ReferenceMcAdams, D. (2006).
The person: A new introduction to personality psychology. (4th ed.).Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Herzberg's Motivation - Hygiene Theory
Description
We have basic needs (hygiene needs) which, when not met, cause us to be dissatisfied. Meeting these needs does not make us satisfied -- it merely prevents us from becoming dissatisfied. The 'hygiene' word is deliberately medical as it is an analogy of the need to do something that is necessary, but which does contribute towards making the patient well (it only stops them getting sick). These are also called these maintenance needs.There is a separate set of needs which, when resolved, do make us satisfied. These are called motivators.This theory is also called Herzberg's two-factor theory.
Research
Herzberg asked people about times when they had felt good about their work. He discovered that the key determinants of job satisfaction were Achievement, Recognition, Work itself, Responsibility and Advancement.
He also found that key dissatisfiers were Company policy and administration, Supervision, Salary, Interpersonal relationships and Working conditions.What struck him the most was that these were separate groups with separate evaluation, and not a part of the same continuum. Thus if the company resolved the dissatisfiers, they would not create satisfaction.
Example
I need to be paid on time each month so I can pay my bills. If I am not paid on time, I get really unhappy. But when I get paid on time, I hardly notice it.On the other hand, when my boss gives me a pat on the back, I feel good. I don't expect this every day and don't especially miss not having praise all of the time.
So what?
Using it
Differentiate between hygiene needs and motivator needs. Ensure you address motivator needs when getting someone to do something. Attacking hygiene needs may be effective when trying to stop them doing something.
Defending
Beware of the person giving you what you really need. Ask 'What's in it for them?'
We have basic needs (hygiene needs) which, when not met, cause us to be dissatisfied. Meeting these needs does not make us satisfied -- it merely prevents us from becoming dissatisfied. The 'hygiene' word is deliberately medical as it is an analogy of the need to do something that is necessary, but which does contribute towards making the patient well (it only stops them getting sick). These are also called these maintenance needs.There is a separate set of needs which, when resolved, do make us satisfied. These are called motivators.This theory is also called Herzberg's two-factor theory.
Research
Herzberg asked people about times when they had felt good about their work. He discovered that the key determinants of job satisfaction were Achievement, Recognition, Work itself, Responsibility and Advancement.
He also found that key dissatisfiers were Company policy and administration, Supervision, Salary, Interpersonal relationships and Working conditions.What struck him the most was that these were separate groups with separate evaluation, and not a part of the same continuum. Thus if the company resolved the dissatisfiers, they would not create satisfaction.
Example
I need to be paid on time each month so I can pay my bills. If I am not paid on time, I get really unhappy. But when I get paid on time, I hardly notice it.On the other hand, when my boss gives me a pat on the back, I feel good. I don't expect this every day and don't especially miss not having praise all of the time.
So what?
Using it
Differentiate between hygiene needs and motivator needs. Ensure you address motivator needs when getting someone to do something. Attacking hygiene needs may be effective when trying to stop them doing something.
Defending
Beware of the person giving you what you really need. Ask 'What's in it for them?'
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